41 Financial instruments and risk management

For further information on financial instruments, please refer in particular to Note 2 “Trade receivables,” Note 11 “Other financial assets,” Note 13 “Financial liabilities and lease liabilities,” Note 28 “Finance costs,” and Note 30 “Other financial income/expense.”

Trade receivables include receivables amounting to EUR 1.8 billion (December 31, 2018: EUR 1.7 billion) due in more than one year. The fair value generally equals the carrying amount.

Disclosures on fair value

When determining the fair value, it is important to maximize the use of current inputs observable in liquid markets for the financial instrument in question and minimize the use of other inputs (e.g., historical prices, prices for similar instruments, prices on illiquid markets). A three-level measurement hierarchy is defined for these purposes. If prices quoted in liquid markets are available at the reporting date for the respective financial instrument, these will be used unadjusted for the measurement (Level 1 measurement). Other input parameters are then irrelevant for the measurement. One such example is shares and bonds that are actively traded on a stock exchange. If quoted prices on liquid markets are not available at the reporting date for the respective financial instrument, but the instrument can be measured using other inputs that are observable on the market at the reporting date, a Level 2 measurement will be applied. The conditions for this are that no major adjustments have been made to the observable inputs and no unobservable inputs are used. Examples of Level 2 measurements are collateralized interest rate swaps, currency forwards, and cross-currency swaps that can be measured using current interest rates or exchange rates. If the conditions for a Level 1 or Level 2 measurement are not met, a Level 3 measurement is applied. In such cases, major adjustments must be made to observable inputs or unobservable inputs must be used.

Of the equity instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income and recognized under other financial assets, the instruments presented in the different levels constitute separate classes of financial instruments. In each case, the fair values of the total volume of equity instruments recognized as Level 1 are the price quotations at the reporting date.

The listed bonds and other securitized liabilities are assigned to Level 1 or Level 2 depending on the market liquidity of the relevant instrument. Consequently, issues denominated in euros or U.S. dollars with relatively large nominal amounts are to be classified as Level 1, the rest as Level 2. The fair values of the instruments assigned to Level 1 equal the nominal amounts multiplied by the price quotations at the reporting date. The fair values of the instruments assigned to Level 2 are calculated as the present values of the payments associated with the debts, based on the applicable yield curve and Deutsche Telekom’s credit spread curve for specific currencies.

The fair values of liabilities to banks, liabilities to non-banks from promissory notes, and other interest-bearing liabilities are calculated as the present values of the payments associated with the debts, based on the applicable yield curve and Deutsche Telekom’s credit spread curve for specific currencies.

Since there are no market prices available for the derivative financial instruments in the portfolio assigned to Level 2 due to the fact that they are not listed on the market, the fair values are calculated using standard financial valuation models, based entirely on observable inputs. The fair value of derivatives is the price that Deutsche Telekom would receive or have to pay if the financial instrument were transferred at the reporting date. Interest rates of contractual partners relevant as of the reporting date are used in this respect. The middle rates applicable as of the reporting date are used as exchange rates. In the case of interest-bearing derivatives, a distinction is made between the clean price and the dirty price. In contrast to the clean price, the dirty price also includes the interest accrued. The fair values carried correspond to the full fair value or the dirty price.

The equity instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income comprise a large number of investments in strategic, unlisted individual positions. Deutsche Telekom considers the chosen measurement through other comprehensive income without recycling to profit or loss to be appropriate because there are no plans to use the investments for short-term profit-taking. At the date of disposal of an investment, the total cumulative gain or loss is reclassified to retained earnings. Acquisitions and disposals are based on business policy investment decisions.

The equity instruments assigned to Level 3 that are measured at fair value through other comprehensive income and carried under other financial assets are equity investments with a carrying amount of EUR 313 million measured using the best information available at the reporting date. As a rule, Deutsche Telekom considers transactions involving shares in those companies to have the greatest relevance. Transactions involving shares in comparable companies are also considered. The proximity of the relevant transaction to the reporting date, and the question of whether it was conducted at arm’s length, are relevant for deciding which information is used for the measurement. Furthermore, the degree of similarity between the object being measured and comparable companies must be taken into consideration. Based on Deutsche Telekom’s own assessment, the fair values of the equity investments at the reporting date could be determined with sufficient reliability. For the development of the carrying amounts in the reporting period, please refer to the table above. At the reporting date, investments with a carrying amount of EUR 35 million were held for sale, while there were no plans to sell the remaining investments. In the case of investments with a carrying amount of EUR 190 million, transactions involving shares in these companies took place at arm’s length sufficiently close to the reporting date, which is why the share prices agreed in the transactions were to be used without adjustment for the measurement as of December 31, 2019. In the case of investments with a carrying amount of EUR 71 million, an analysis of operational indicators (especially revenue, EBIT, and liquidity) revealed that the carrying amounts were equivalent to current fair values. Due to better comparability, previous arm’s-length transactions involving shares in these companies are preferable to more recent transactions involving shares in similar companies. In the case of investments with a carrying amount of EUR 52 million, for which the last arm’s length transactions relating to shares in these companies took place some time ago, a measurement performed more recently relating to shares in similar companies provides the most reliable representation of the fair values. Here, multiples to the reference variable of expected revenue (ranging between 3.3 and 8.4) were taken. The 25 percent quantile, the median, or the 75 percent quantile was used for the multiples depending on the specific circumstances. If other values had been used for the multiples and for the expected revenue amounts, the fair values calculated would have been different. These hypothetical deviations (sensitivities) are shown in the table below. In addition, non-material individual items with a carrying amount of EUR 15 million (when translated into euros) are included with differences in value of minor relevance.

For the development of the carrying amounts in the reporting year, please refer to the table above.

The derivatives without a hedging relationship assigned to Level 3 and carried under derivative financial assets relate to options embedded in bonds issued by T‑Mobile US with a carrying amount of EUR 630 million when translated into euros. The options, which can be exercised by T‑Mobile US at any time, allow early redemption of the bonds at fixed exercise prices. Observable market prices are available regularly and also at the reporting date for the bonds as entire instruments, but not for the options embedded therein. The termination rights are measured using an option pricing model. Historical interest rate volatilities of bonds issued by T‑Mobile US and comparable issuers are used for the measurement because these provide a more reliable estimate at the reporting date than current market interest rate volatilities. The absolute figure used for the interest rate volatility at the current reporting date was between 1.0 and 1.9 percent. The spread curve, which is also unobservable, was derived on the basis of current market prices of bonds issued by T‑Mobile US and debt instruments of comparable issuers. The spreads used at the current reporting date were between 1.3 and 2.3 percent for the maturities of the bonds and between 0.5 and 1.0 percent for shorter terms. For the mean reversion input, which is likewise unobservable, 10 percent was used. In our opinion, the values used constitute the best estimate in each case. If other values had been used for interest rate volatility, spread curve or mean reversion, the fair values calculated would have been different. These hypothetical deviations (sensitivities) are shown in the table below. In the reporting period, net income of EUR 528 million when translated into euros was recognized under Level 3 in other financial income/expense for unrealized gains for the options in the portfolio at the reporting date. Please refer to the table above for the development of the carrying amounts in the reporting period. The changes in value recognized in profit or loss in the reporting period were mainly attributable to fluctuations in the interest rates and historical interest rate volatilities in absolute terms that are relevant for measurement. Due to their distinctiveness, these instruments constitute a separate class of financial instruments.

For the development of the carrying amounts in the reporting year, please refer to the table above.

With a carrying amount of EUR -146 million when translated into euros, the derivatives without a hedging relationship assigned to Level 3 and carried under derivative financial liabilities relate to energy forward agreements embedded in contracts entered into by T‑Mobile US. These agreements consist of two components: the energy forward agreement and the acquisition of renewable energy credits by T‑Mobile US. The contracts have been entered into with energy producers since 2017 and run for terms of between 12 and 20 years from the commencement of commercial operation. In the case of two energy forward agreements, commercial operations have already begun; with the others, commercial operations are set to begin between 2020 and 2021. The respective settlement period of the energy forward agreements, which are accounted for separately as derivatives, also starts when the facility begins commercial operation. Under the energy forward agreements, T‑Mobile US receives variable amounts based on the facility’s actual energy output and the then current energy prices, and pays fixed amounts per unit of energy generated throughout the term of the contract. The energy forward agreements are measured using valuation models because no observable market prices are available. The value of the derivatives is materially influenced by the facility’s future energy output, for which T‑Mobile US estimated a value of 2,899 gigawatt hours per year at the reporting date. The value of the derivatives is also significantly influenced by future energy prices, which are not observable for the period beyond around five years. Further, the value of the derivatives is materially influenced by the future prices for renewable energy credits, which are also not observable. For the unobservable portion of the term, T‑Mobile US used on-peak energy prices of between EUR 13.23/MWh and EUR 59.64/MWh when translated into euros and off-peak prices of between EUR 9.01/MWh and EUR 39.67/MWh when translated into euros. An average on-peak/off-peak ratio of 47 percent was used. In our opinion, the values used constitute the best estimate in each case. If other values had been used for future energy prices, future energy output, or future prices of renewable energy credits, the fair values calculated would have been different. These hypothetical deviations (sensitivities) are shown in the table above. In the reporting period, a net expense of EUR 104 million (when translated into euros) was recognized under the Level 3 measurement in other operating income/expense for unrealized losses for the derivatives.

Please refer to the corresponding table for the development of the carrying amounts in the reporting period.

The market-price changes in the reporting period were largely attributable to changes in observable and unobservable energy prices and to interest rate effects. Due to their distinctiveness, these instruments constitute a separate class of financial instruments. In the view of T‑Mobile US, the contracts were entered into at current market conditions, and the most appropriate parameters for the unobservable inputs were used for measurement purposes. The transaction price at inception was zero in each case. Since the unobservable inputs have a material influence on the measurement of the derivatives, the respective amount resulting from initial measurement was not carried on initial recognition. Instead, these amounts are amortized in profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the period of commercial energy generation (for a total amount of EUR 13 million per year when translated into euros). This amortization adjusts the effects from measuring the derivatives in each accounting period using the respective valuation models and updated parameters. All amounts from the measurement of the derivatives are presented in net terms per contract in the statement of financial position (derivative financial assets/liabilities) and in the income statement (other operating income/expenses). The difference yet to be amortized in the income statement developed as follows during the reporting period:

For the trade receivables, loans issued, and other receivables assigned to Level 3, which are measured either at fair value through other comprehensive income or at fair value through profit or loss, the main factor in determining fair value is the credit risk of the relevant counterparties. If the default rates applied as of the reporting date had been 1 percent higher (lower) with no change in the reference variables, the fair values of the instruments would have been 1 percent lower (higher).

The financial liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss and assigned to Level 3 include derivative financial liabilities with a carrying amount of EUR 7 million resulting from an option granted to third parties for the purchase of shares in an associate of Deutsche Telekom. The option was granted in connection with a sale of shares in this associate, and no notable fluctuations in value are expected. Due to their distinctiveness, the instruments assigned to Level 3 and described above constitute a separate class of financial instruments in each case.

Interest from financial instruments is recognized in finance costs, dividends in other financial income/expense (income from investments).

For further information, please refer to Note 28 “Finance costs” and Note 30 “Other financial income/expense.”

The other components of the net gain/loss are recognized in other financial income/expense, except for allowances on trade receivables that are classified as debt instruments measured at amortized cost and debt instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income, which are reported under other operating expenses.

For further information, please refer to Note 2 “Trade receivables.”

The net gain from the subsequent measurement for financial instruments allocated to the measurement category at fair value through profit or loss (EUR 358 million) also includes interest and currency translation effects. The net currency translation gains on financial assets classified as debt instruments measured at amortized cost (EUR 662 million) are primarily attributable to the Group-internal transfer of foreign-currency loans taken out by Deutsche Telekom’s financing company, Deutsche Telekom International Finance B.V., on the capital market. These were offset by corresponding currency translation losses on capital market liabilities of EUR 678 million. These include currency translation gains from derivatives that Deutsche Telekom used as hedging instruments for hedge accounting in foreign currency (EUR 179 million; 2018: EUR 143 million). Finance costs from financial liabilities measured at amortized cost (expense of EUR 1,768 million) primarily consist of interest expense on bonds and other (securitized) financial liabilities. The item also includes interest expenses from the accumulation of interest added back and interest income from interest discounted from trade payables. However, it does not include the interest expense and interest income from interest rate derivatives Deutsche Telekom used in the reporting year to hedge the fair value risk of financial liabilities.

For further information, please refer to Note 28 “Finance costs.”

Principles of risk management. Deutsche Telekom is exposed in particular to risks from changes in exchange rates, interest rates, and market prices that affect its assets, liabilities, and forecast transactions. Financial risk management aims to limit these market risks through ongoing operational and finance activities. Selected derivative and non-derivative hedging instruments are used for this purpose, depending on the risk assessment. However, Deutsche Telekom only hedges the risks that affect the Group’s cash flow. Derivatives are exclusively used as hedging instruments, i.e., not for trading or other speculative purposes. To reduce the credit risk, hedging instruments are generally only concluded with leading financial institutions whose credit rating is at least BBB+/Baa1. In addition, the credit risk for derivatives with a positive market value is generally minimized through collateral agreements with all core banks. Furthermore, the limits for deposits are also set and monitored on a daily basis depending on the rating, share price performance, and credit default swap level of the respective counterparty.

The fundamentals of Deutsche Telekom’s financial policy are established by the Board of Management and overseen by the Supervisory Board. Group Treasury is responsible for implementing the financial policy and for ongoing risk management. Certain transactions require the prior approval of the Board of Management, which is also regularly briefed on the severity and amount of the current risk exposure.

Group Treasury regards effective management of the market risk as one of its main tasks. The main risks relate to foreign currencies and interest rates.

Currency risks. Deutsche Telekom is exposed to currency risks from its investing, financing, and operating activities. Risks from foreign currencies are hedged to the extent that they influence the Group’s cash flows. Foreign-currency risks that do not influence the Group’s cash flows (i.e., the risks resulting from the translation of assets and liabilities of foreign operations into the Group’s reporting currency) are generally not hedged, however. Deutsche Telekom may nevertheless also hedge this foreign-currency risk under certain circumstances.

Foreign-currency risks in the area of investment result, for example, from the acquisition and disposal of investments in foreign companies. Deutsche Telekom hedges these risks. If the risk position exceeds EUR 100 million, the Board of Management must make a special decision on how the risk shall be hedged. If the risk position is below EUR 100 million, Group Treasury performs the currency hedging itself. At the reporting date, Deutsche Telekom was not exposed to any significant risks from foreign-currency transactions in the field of investments.

Foreign-currency risks in the financing area are caused by financial liabilities in foreign currency and loans in foreign currency that are issued to Group entities for financing purposes. Group Treasury hedges these risks in full. Cross-currency swaps and currency derivatives are used to convert financial obligations and intragroup loans denominated in foreign currencies into the Group entities’ functional currencies.

At the reporting date, the foreign-currency liabilities for which currency risks were hedged mainly consisted of bonds in U.S. dollars and pounds sterling. On account of these hedging activities, Deutsche Telekom was not exposed to any significant currency risks in the area of financing at the reporting date.

The Group entities predominantly execute their operating activities in their respective functional currencies. Payments made in a currency other than the respective functional currency result in foreign-currency risks in the Group. These mainly relate to payments for telecommunications services (procurement of network technology and mobile communications equipment as well as payments to international telecommunications companies and for the provision of connection services) and IT services (procurement of IT hardware, software, and services). Deutsche Telekom generally uses currency derivatives for hedging purposes. On account of these hedging activities, Deutsche Telekom was not exposed to any significant exchange rate risks from its operating activities at the reporting date.

For the presentation of market risks, IFRS 7 requires sensitivity analyses that show the effects of hypothetical changes of relevant risk variables on profit or loss and shareholders’ equity. In addition to currency risks, Deutsche Telekom is exposed to interest rate risks and price risks in its investments. The periodic effects are determined by relating the hypothetical changes in the risk variables to the balance of financial instruments at the reporting date. It is assumed that the balance at the reporting date is representative for the year as a whole.

Currency risks as defined by IFRS 7 arise on account of financial instruments being denominated in a currency that is not the functional currency and being of a monetary nature; differences resulting from the translation of financial statements into the Group’s presentation currency are not taken into consideration. Relevant risk variables are generally all non-functional currencies in which Deutsche Telekom has contracted financial instruments.

The currency sensitivity analyses are based on the following assumptions: Major non-derivative monetary financial instruments (liquid assets, receivables, interest-bearing securities and/or debt instruments held, interest-bearing liabilities, lease liabilities, non-interest-bearing liabilities) are either directly denominated in the functional currency or are transferred to the functional currency through the use of derivatives. Exchange rate fluctuations therefore have no effects on profit or loss, or shareholders’ equity.

Non-interest-bearing securities or equity instruments held are of a non-monetary nature and therefore are not exposed to a currency risk as defined by IFRS 7.

Interest income and interest expense from financial instruments are also either recorded directly in the functional currency or transferred to the functional currency using derivatives. For this reason, there can be no effects on the variables considered in this connection.

In the case of fair value hedges designated to hedge currency risks, the changes in the fair values of the hedged item and the hedging instrument attributable to changes in exchange rates balance out almost completely in the income statement in the same period. As a consequence, these financial instruments are not exposed to currency risks with an effect on profit or loss, or shareholders’ equity, either.

Cross-currency swaps are always assigned to non-derivative hedged items, so these instruments do not have any currency effects, either.

Deutsche Telekom is therefore only exposed to currency risks from specific currency derivatives. Some of these are currency derivatives that are part of an effective cash flow hedge for hedging payment fluctuations resulting from changes in exchange rates in accordance with IFRS 9. Volatility in exchange rates of the currencies on which these transactions are based affects the hedging reserves in shareholders’ equity and the fair value of these hedging instruments. Others are currency derivatives that are neither part of one of the hedges defined in IFRS 9 nor part of a natural hedge. These derivatives are used to hedge planned transactions. Changes in exchange rates of the currencies on which such financial instruments are based affect other financial income or expense (net gain/loss from remeasurement of financial assets and liabilities to fair value).

If the euro had gained (lost) 10 percent against all currencies at December 31, 2019, the hedging reserves in shareholders’ equity and the fair values of the hedging instruments before taxes would have been EUR 4 million higher (lower) (December 31, 2018: EUR 14 million higher (lower)). The hypothetical effect of EUR 4 million on profit or loss primarily results from the currency sensitivities EUR/USD: EUR 12 million and EUR/GBP: EUR -8 million. If the euro had gained (lost) 10 percent against all currencies at December 31, 2019, other financial income and the fair value of the hedging instruments before taxes would have been EUR 52 million higher (lower) (December 31, 2018: EUR 40 million lower (higher)). The hypothetical effect of EUR 52 million on profit or loss primarily results from the currency sensitivities EUR/GBP: EUR 69 million, EUR/USD: EUR -18 million, and EUR/HUF: EUR 1 million.

Interest rate risks. Deutsche Telekom is exposed to interest rate risks, mainly in the euro zone and in the United States. The interest rate risks are managed as part of the interest rate management activities. For the debt position in euros a maximum variable percentage is set on an annual basis. The debt position of T‑Mobile US in U.S. dollars is primarily determined through fixed-income securities with issuer cancellation rights. The composition of the liabilities portfolio (ratio of fixed to variable) is managed by issuing primary (non-derivative) financial instruments and, where necessary, also deploying derivative financial instruments. Regular reports are submitted to the Board of Management and Supervisory Board.

Including derivative hedging instruments, an average of 57 percent (2018: 63 percent) of the debt position denominated in euros had a variable rate of interest in 2019. In U.S. dollars, the variable-rate percentage decreased compared with 2018 from 17 percent to 16 percent. There were no significant fluctuations in the course of the reporting year.

Interest rate risks are presented by way of sensitivity analyses in accordance with IFRS 7. These show the effects of changes in market interest rates on interest payments, interest income and expense, other income components, and, if appropriate, shareholders’ equity. The interest rate sensitivity analyses are based on the following assumptions: Changes in the market interest rates of non-derivative financial instruments with fixed interest rates only affect income if these are measured at their fair value. As such, all financial instruments with fixed interest rates that are carried at amortized cost are not subject to interest rate risk as defined in IFRS 7.

In the case of fair value hedges designated for hedging interest rate risks, the changes in the fair values of the hedged item and the hedging instrument attributable to changes in interest rates balance out almost completely in the income statement in the same period. This means that interest-rate-based changes in the measurement of the hedged item and the hedging instrument largely do not affect income and are therefore not subject to interest rate risk.

In the case of interest rate derivatives in fair value hedges, however, changes in market interest rates affect the amount of interest payments. As a consequence, they have an effect on interest income and are therefore included in the calculation of income-related sensitivities.

Changes in the market interest rate regarding financial instruments that were designated as hedging instruments in a cash flow hedge to hedge payment fluctuations resulting from interest rate movements affect the hedging reserve in shareholders’ equity and are therefore taken into consideration in the equity-related sensitivity calculations.

Changes in market interest rates affect the interest income or expense of non-derivative variable-interest financial instruments, the interest payments of which are not designated as hedged items of cash flow hedges against interest rate risks. As a consequence, they are included in the calculation of income-related sensitivities.

In addition, changes in the market interest rate had an impact on the carrying amount of trade receivables recognized at fair value and originated loans and other receivables. However, these changes in value are not managed.

Changes in the market interest rate regarding interest rate derivatives (interest rate swaps, cross-currency swaps) that are not part of a hedging relationship as set out in IFRS 9 affect other financial income or expense and are therefore taken into consideration in the income-related sensitivity calculations. Currency derivatives are not exposed to interest rate risks and therefore do not affect the interest rate sensitivities.

If the market interest rates had been 100 basis points higher at December 31, 2019, profit or loss before taxes would have been EUR 553 million (December 31, 2018: EUR 23 million) lower. If the market interest rates had been 100 basis points lower at December 31, 2019, profit or loss before taxes would have been EUR 617 million (December 31, 2018: EUR 70 million) higher. This simulation includes the effects from the financial instruments assigned to Level 3 described above. The hypothetical effect of EUR 617 million/EUR -553 million on income primarily results from the potential effects of EUR 585 million/EUR -521 million from interest rate derivatives, and EUR 32 million/EUR -32 million from non-derivative, variable-interest financial liabilities. Potential effects from interest rate derivatives are partially balanced out by the contrasting performance of non-derivative financial instruments, which cannot, however, be shown as a result of applicable accounting standards. If the market interest rates had been 100 basis points higher (lower) at December 31, 2019, the hedging and revaluation reserves in equity before taxes would have been EUR 1,201 million higher (EUR 1,272 million lower) (December 31, 2018: EUR 673 million higher (EUR 672 million lower)).

Other price risks. As part of the presentation of market risks, IFRS 7 also requires disclosures on how hypothetical changes in risk variables affect the price of financial instruments. Important risk variables are stock exchange prices or indexes.

Aside from the value-creating factors in the financial instruments assigned to Level 3 described above, there were no other price risks at the reporting date.

Deutsche Telekom is exposed to a credit risk from its operating activities and certain financing activities. As a rule, transactions with regard to financing activities are only concluded with counterparties that have at least a credit rating of BBB+/Baa1, in connection with an operational credit management system. At the level of operations, the outstanding debts are continuously monitored in each area, i.e., locally. Credit risks are taken into account through individual allowances and allowances calculated at portfolio level. The solvency of the business with corporate customers, especially international carriers, is monitored separately. In terms of the overall risk exposure from the credit risk, however, the receivables from these counterparties are not so extensive as to justify extraordinary concentrations of risk.

There were no material transfers in the general approach.

Offsetting is applied in particular to receivables and liabilities at Deutsche Telekom AG and Telekom Deutschland GmbH for the routing of international calls via the fixed network and for roaming fees in the mobile network.

In line with the contractual provisions, in the event of insolvency all derivatives with a positive or negative fair value that exist with the respective counterparty are offset against each other, leaving a net receivable or liability. The net amounts are normally recalculated every bank working day and offset against each other. When the netting of the positive and negative fair values of all derivatives was positive from Deutsche Telekom’s perspective, the counterparty provided Deutsche Telekom with cash pursuant to the collateral contracts mentioned in Note 1 “Cash and cash equivalents.” The credit risk was thus further reduced.

When the netting of the positive and negative fair values of all derivatives was negative from Deutsche Telekom’s perspective, Deutsche Telekom provided cash collateral to counterparties pursuant to collateral agreements. The net amounts are normally recalculated every bank working day and offset against each other. The cash collateral paid is offset by corresponding negative net derivative positions of EUR 554 million at the reporting date, which is why it was not exposed to any credit risks in this amount at the reporting date.

For further information, please refer to Note 11 “Other financial assets.”

The collateral paid is reported under originated loans and other receivables within other financial assets. On account of its close connection to the corresponding derivatives, the collateral paid constitutes a separate class of financial assets. Likewise, the collateral received, which is reported as other interest-bearing liabilities under financial liabilities, constitutes a separate class of financial liabilities on account of its close connection to the corresponding derivatives.

According to agreement, no cash collateral was provided for interest rate swaps concluded by T‑Mobile US with a nominal value of EUR 4.0 billion (when translated into euros).

The fair values of the unhedged interest rate swaps at the reporting date were negative in each case from the perspective of T‑Mobile US (total value of EUR -490 million (when translated into euros)).

In accordance with the terms of bonds issued by T‑Mobile US, T‑Mobile US has the right to terminate the bonds prematurely under specific conditions. The rights of early termination constitute embedded derivatives and are presented separately as derivative financial assets in the consolidated statement of financial position. Since they are not exposed to any credit risk, they constitute a separate class of financial instruments.

There were no other significant agreements reducing the maximum exposure to the credit risks of financial assets. The maximum exposure to credit risk of the other financial assets thus corresponds to their carrying amounts.

Liquidity risk. For further information, please refer to Note 13 “Financial liabilities and lease liabilities.”

Hedge accounting

Fair value hedges. To hedge the fair value risk of fixed-interest liabilities, Deutsche Telekom primarily uses interest rate swaps and forward interest rate swaps (pay variable, receive fixed) denominated in EUR, GBP, and USD. Fixed-income bonds denominated in EUR, GBP, and USD were designated as hedged items. The changes in the fair values of the hedged items resulting from changes in the EURIBOR, GBP LIBOR, or USD LIBOR swap rate are offset against the changes in the value of these interest rate swaps.In addition, cross-currency swaps mainly in the EUR/USD and EUR/GBP currency pairs are designated as fair value hedges, which convert fixed-income foreign currency bonds into variable-interest EUR bonds to hedge the interest rate and currency risk. The changes in the fair value of the hedged items resulting from changes in the USD LIBOR and the GBP LIBOR swap rate as well as the USD and GBP exchange rate are offset against the changes in the fair value of these cross-currency swaps. The aim of the fair value hedges is thus to transform the fixed-income bonds into variable-interest debt, thus hedging the fair value (interest rate risk and currency risk) of these financial liabilities. Credit risks are not part of the hedging.

Cash flow hedges – interest rate risks. Deutsche Telekom mainly uses payer interest rate swaps and forward payer interest rate swaps (pay fixed, receive variable) to hedge the cash flow risk of existing and future debt. The interest payments to be made in the hedging period are the hedged items and are recognized in profit or loss in the same period. Hedged items may be individual liabilities, portfolios of liabilities, or combinations of liabilities and derivatives (aggregate risk exposure). The changes in the cash flows of the hedged items resulting from changes in the USD LIBOR rate and the EURIBOR rate are offset against the changes in the cash flows of the interest rate swaps. The aim of this hedging is to transform the variable-interest bonds into fixed-income debt, thus hedging the cash flows of the financial liabilities. Credit risks are not part of the hedging.

Cash flow hedges – currency risks. Deutsche Telekom entered into currency derivative and cross-currency swaps (pay fixed, receive variable) to hedge cash flows not denominated in a functional currency. The payments in foreign currency to be made in the hedging period are the hedged items and are recognized in profit or loss in the same period. The terms of the hedging relationships will end in the years 2020 through 2033. In the case of rolling cash flow hedges for currency risks, short-term currency forwards are entered into, which are then extended by means of follow-up transactions.

At each reporting date, the effectiveness of the fair value and cash flow hedges is reviewed prospectively based on the main contractual features and determined retrospectively in the form of a statistical regression analysis; rolling foreign currency hedges are reviewed using the dollar offset test. All hedging relationships were sufficiently effective as of the reporting date.

Hedging of a net investment. The hedges of the net investment in T‑Mobile US against fluctuations in the U.S. dollar spot rate de-designated in prior periods did not generate any effects in 2019. The amounts recognized in total other comprehensive income would be reclassified in the event of the disposal of T‑Mobile US.

The recorded ineffectiveness in the income statement mainly results from the different discount rates of the hedged items (fixed-income) and designated hedging instruments (fixed-income and variable-interest). Furthermore, cross-currency interest rate hedges are impacted by effects from cross currency basis spreads, which are included in the hedging instruments, but not in the hedged items. For some hedges, the characteristics of hedging instruments and hedged items differ, resulting in ineffectiveness. In the case of interest rate hedges on highly probable future borrowings, ineffectiveness could arise if time shifts occur. The relative amounts of the ineffectiveness are not expected to increase significantly in the future. Furthermore, there are no other potential sources of ineffectiveness.

Derivatives. The following table shows the fair values of the various derivatives. A distinction is made depending on whether these are part of an effective hedging relationship as set out in IFRS 9 (fair value hedge, cash flow hedge, net investment hedge) or not. Other derivatives can also be embedded, i.e., a component of a composite instrument that contains a non-derivative host contract.

Transfer of financial assets

Factoring transactions with substantially all risks and rewards being transferred

Deutsche Telekom is party to several factoring agreements under which it sells current trade receivables on a revolving basis; under these agreements, Deutsche Telekom has the right to decide on a case-by-case basis whether and to what extent the revolving nominal volume will be used. Sales exceeding this amount must be agreed on a case-by-case basis. The risks relevant for the risk assessment with respect to the receivables sold are the credit risk and the late-payment risk, which are transferred to the buyer of the receivables in full in return for payment of a fixed purchase price discount. Losses relating to certain receivables are reimbursed up to a maximum amount under a credit insurance policy, which reduces the credit risk. The receivables sold until the reporting date were derecognized in full. At the derecognition date, the fixed purchase price discount is expensed. Deutsche Telekom continues to perform receivables management against payment for the receivables sold. For the disclosures on the receivables sold, please refer to the table below. Expenses of EUR 24 million (EUR 230 million on a cumulative basis since commencement of the agreement) were recognized for a factoring agreement that expired in the 2019 financial year.

Factoring transactions involving the splitting of significant risks and rewards as well as the transfer of control

There is also a revolving factoring transaction in place under which a bank is required to purchase trade receivables from charges from sales of handsets payable over a period of up to two years. Deutsche Telekom has the right to decide on a case-by-case basis whether the revolving nominal volume will be used and to what extent. The risks relevant for the risk assessment with respect to the receivables sold are the credit risk and the late-payment risk. Deutsche Telekom bears credit risk-related losses from the various tranches up to a certain amount in each case; the other credit risk-related losses are borne by the bank. The late-payment risk is borne in full by Deutsche Telekom. Due to the allocation of the material risks between Deutsche Telekom and the bank, substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the receivables were neither transferred nor retained. Control of the receivables sold was transferred to the bank because it has the practical ability to resell the receivables. The bank has the right to sell all receivables overdue back to Deutsche Telekom. The purchase price corresponds to the nominal amount and is payable in the month following the buy-back. This does not affect the allocation of the credit risk-related losses, as such losses would be passed back to the bank in line with the agreed risk allocation. All receivables sold have been derecognized. At the derecognition date, the fair value of the expected losses is expensed as financial liabilities. Please refer to the table below for the disclosures on the continuing involvement resulting from the receivables sold. Expenses of EUR 4 million (EUR 68 million on a cumulative basis since commencement of the agreement) were recognized for factoring agreements terminated in the financial year.

Factoring transactions involving the splitting of significant risks and rewards with control remaining at Deutsche Telekom

In addition, there are several factoring agreements in place under which Deutsche Telekom sells – on a revolving basis – trade receivables from consumers and business customers relating to both charges already due and charges from sales of handsets payable over a period of up to two years.

In two transactions, subsidiaries of Deutsche Telekom sell receivables to structured entities that are also subsidiaries of Deutsche Telekom and were established for the sole purpose of these factoring agreements. The required funding is provided to these structured entities in the context of Deutsche Telekom’s general Group financing. These structured entities have no assets and liabilities other than those resulting from the purchase and sale of the receivables under factoring agreements. They resell the receivables to a second structured entity in each case. Deutsche Telekom does not consolidate the two second structured entities because it has no control over these entities’ relevant activities. In one of the transactions, the second structured entity resells the ownership interests in the receivables to two banks and a third structured entity on a pro-rata basis. Deutsche Telekom does not consolidate this third structured entity either because it likewise does not control this entity’s relevant activities. The structured entities not consolidated by Deutsche Telekom are financed by the external buyers of the receivables. In the other transaction, the second structured entity transfers the legal role of creditor for the receivables to a bank that performs this role on behalf of the investors who have beneficial ownership of the receivables (administrative agent). These investors are a bank and two other structured entities. Deutsche Telekom does not consolidate these other structured entities either because it likewise has no control over these entities’ relevant activities. The two other structured entities are financed through the issue of commercial paper to third parties outside the Group or, alternatively, through a credit facility provided by a bank.

In a third transaction, receivables are sold directly to a structured entity. This structured entity holds the receivables and allocates the risks and rewards resulting from these to Deutsche Telekom and a bank on the basis of contractual arrangements. It is financed through the issue of commercial paper to third parties outside the Group or, alternatively, through a credit facility provided by a bank. Deutsche Telekom does not consolidate the structured entity because it does not control the relevant activities.

The receivables being sold are selected from the relevant portfolios, either in an automated process in compliance with the eligibility criteria set out in the receivables purchase agreement or based on the decision of the relevant structured entity taking an obligatory minimum volume into account. The increase in the contractual maximum volume compared with the previous year results from the possibility to sell additional credit classes in a transaction at otherwise unchanged conditions. Receivables are sold on a daily basis and billed on a monthly basis. The purchase price up to a specific amount will be paid out immediately upon sale; remaining portions of the purchase price will only be paid to the extent that the volume of receivables sold in the relevant portfolio decreases further accordingly or the characteristics of the receivables change. In all transactions, Deutsche Telekom is obligated to buy back aged receivables and receivables for which a write-off is imminent at nominal value. Such buy-backs would not affect the allocation of the credit risk-related losses in any way, as the latter would be passed back to the buyers in line with the agreed risk allocation. The cash flows resulting from the buy-backs normally occur in the month following the buy-back. None of the structured entities has business activities other than the purchase or sale of trade receivables or other investments. In none of the transactions is Deutsche Telekom exposed to risks other than the credit risk and late-payment risk resulting from the sold receivables agreed in the respective agreement.

In other transactions, receivables are sold directly to buyers outside the Group without the involvement of structured entities. If more receivables are purchased in individual portfolios, the purchase price payment is deferred until the maximum program volume decreases further accordingly. In all those transactions, Deutsche Telekom has the right to decide whether receivables are sold and in which volume. In individual portfolios, receivables for which a write-off is imminent are sold back to Deutsche Telekom. Here the purchase price corresponds to the actual proceeds from collection or disposal and is payable after Deutsche Telekom receives these proceeds from collection or disposal. These buy-backs would affect neither the allocation of the credit risk-related losses nor Deutsche Telekom’s liquidity situation. In a portfolio, the existing credit insurance reimburses losses relating to certain receivables to a specific maximum amount and thus reduces the exposure to loss.

The risks relevant for the risk assessment with respect to the sold receivables are based on the credit risk and the late-payment risk. Deutsche Telekom bears certain portions of the credit risk in the individual transactions. The other credit risk-related losses are borne by the respective buyers. The late-payment risk in all transactions continues to be borne in full by Deutsche Telekom. Substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the receivables were neither transferred nor retained (allocation of the material risks and rewards between Deutsche Telekom and the buyers). Deutsche Telekom continues to perform servicing for the receivables sold. Under the factoring agreements in which structured entities are engaged, buyers have the unilateral right to transfer the servicing to third parties for no specific reason. Although Deutsche Telekom is not authorized to use the receivables sold other than in its capacity as servicer, it retains control over the receivables sold because the buyers and the structured entities do not have the practical ability to resell the purchased receivables. At the time the receivables are sold, the fair value of the expected losses is expensed. Expected future payments are presented as a component of the associated liability. In transactions with structured entities, certain portions of the purchase price are initially held back and, depending on the amount of the actual defaults, are only paid to Deutsche Telekom at a later date. To the extent that such portions of the purchase price are expected to be received in the future, they are recognized at fair value. Deutsche Telekom continues to recognize the trade receivables sold to the extent of its continuing involvement, i.e., in the maximum amount with which it is still liable for the credit risk and late-payment risk inherent in the receivables sold, and recognizes a corresponding associated liability presented in liabilities to banks. The receivables and the associated liability are then derecognized in the extent to which Deutsche Telekom’s continuing involvement is reduced (particularly when payment is made by the customer). The carrying amount of the receivables is subsequently reduced by the extent to which the actual losses to be borne by Deutsche Telekom resulting from the credit risk and the late-payment risk exceed the losses initially expected. This amount is recognized as an expense. Please refer to the table below for the disclosures on the continuing involvement resulting from the receivables sold.

On January 16, 2020, a factoring agreement existing at the reporting date for the revolving sale of trade receivables from consumers and business customers relating to charges already due ended when the contract expired. The receivables with an aggregate nominal volume of EUR 840 million that had been sold directly to buyers outside the Group and had not yet been paid by the customers were bought back when the agreement ended. Receivables that had arisen, been sold, and been derecognized up to and including the reporting date December 31, 2019 were bought back at fair value and are recognized in this amount. Receivables that had arisen and been sold from January 1, 2020 were bought back at their nominal amount, no longer derecognized, and are recognized at the transaction price. Since there is no longer an intention to sell the portfolio of bought-back receivables in the future, the receivables are measured at amortized cost.