41 Financial instruments and risk management

For further information on financial instruments, please refer in particular to Note 2 “Trade receivables,” Note 11 “Other financial assets,” Note 13 “Financial liabilities and lease liabilities,” Note 28 “Finance costs,” and Note 30 “Other financial income/expense.”

Trade receivables include receivables amounting to EUR 2.0 billion (December 31, 2019: EUR 1.8 billion) due in more than one year. The fair value generally equals the carrying amount.

Disclosures on fair value

When determining the fair value, it is important to maximize the use of current inputs observable in liquid markets for the financial instrument in question and minimize the use of other inputs (e.g., historical prices, prices for similar instruments, prices on illiquid markets). A three-level measurement hierarchy is defined for these purposes. If prices quoted in liquid markets are available at the reporting date for the respective financial instrument, these will be used unadjusted for the measurement (Level 1 measurement). Other input parameters are then irrelevant for the measurement. One such example is shares and bonds that are actively traded on a stock exchange. If quoted prices on liquid markets are not available at the reporting date for the respective financial instrument, but the instrument can be measured using other inputs that are observable on the market at the reporting date, a Level 2 measurement will be applied. The conditions for this are that no major adjustments have been made to the observable inputs and no unobservable inputs are used. Examples of Level 2 measurements are collateralized interest rate swaps, currency forwards, and cross-currency swaps that can be measured using current interest rates or exchange rates. If the conditions for a Level 1 or Level 2 measurement are not met, a Level 3 measurement is applied. In such cases, major adjustments must be made to observable inputs or unobservable inputs must be used.

Of the equity instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income and recognized under other financial assets, the instruments presented in the different levels constitute separate classes of financial instruments. In each case, the fair values of the total volume of equity instruments recognized as Level 1 are the price quotations at the reporting date.

The listed bonds and other securitized liabilities are assigned to Level 1 or Level 2 depending on the market liquidity of the relevant instrument. Consequently, issues denominated in euros or U.S. dollars with relatively large nominal amounts are to be classified as Level 1, the rest as Level 2. The fair values of the instruments assigned to Level 1 equal the nominal amounts multiplied by the price quotations at the reporting date. The fair values of the instruments assigned to Level 2 are calculated as the present values of the payments associated with the debts, based on the applicable yield curve and Deutsche Telekom’s credit spread curve for specific currencies.

The fair values of liabilities to banks, liabilities to non-banks from promissory notes, and other interest-bearing liabilities are calculated as the present values of the payments associated with the debts, based on the applicable yield curve and Deutsche Telekom’s credit spread curve for specific currencies.

Since there are no market prices available for the derivative financial instruments in the portfolio assigned to Level 2 due to the fact that they are not listed on the market, the fair values are calculated using standard financial valuation models, based entirely on observable inputs. The fair value of derivatives is the price that Deutsche Telekom would receive or have to pay if the financial instrument were transferred at the reporting date. Interest rates of contractual partners relevant as of the reporting date are used in this respect. The middle rates applicable as of the reporting date are used as exchange rates. In the case of interest-bearing derivatives, a distinction is made between the clean price and the dirty price. In contrast to the clean price, the dirty price also includes the interest accrued. The fair values carried correspond to the full fair value or the dirty price.

In April 2020, forward-payer swaps with a nominal value of EUR 8.8 billion when translated into euros, were terminated prematurely. These transactions were concluded for borrowings at T‑Mobile US and designated as cash flow hedges in effective hedging relationships. In the reporting period, the measurement resulted in a loss from hedging instruments of EUR 924 million recognized under other comprehensive income. The secured term loan was originated on April 1, 2020. The measurement results of the forward-payer swaps between April 1, 2020 and their termination in the course of the following days amounted to EUR 39 million (expense) and were recognized in other financial income/expense.

The equity instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income comprise a large number of investments in strategic, unlisted individual positions. Deutsche Telekom considers the chosen measurement through other comprehensive income without recycling to profit or loss to be appropriate because there are no plans to use the investments for short-term profit-taking. At the date of disposal of an investment, the total cumulative gain or loss is reclassified to retained earnings. Acquisitions and disposals are based on business policy investment decisions.

The equity instruments assigned to Level 3 that are measured at fair value through other comprehensive income and carried under other financial assets are equity investments with a carrying amount of EUR 431 million measured using the best information available at the reporting date. As a rule, Deutsche Telekom considers transactions involving shares in those companies to have the greatest relevance. Transactions involving shares in comparable companies are also considered. The proximity of the relevant transaction to the reporting date, and the question of whether it was conducted at arm’s length, are relevant for deciding which information is used for the measurement. Furthermore, the degree of similarity between the object being measured and comparable companies must be taken into consideration. Based on Deutsche Telekom’s own assessment, the fair values of the equity investments at the reporting date could be determined with sufficient reliability. For the development of the carrying amounts in the reporting period, please refer to the table above. At the reporting date, investments with a carrying amount of EUR 32 million were held for sale, while there were no plans to sell the remaining investments. In the case of investments with a carrying amount of EUR 330 million, transactions involving shares in these companies took place at arm’s length sufficiently close to the reporting date, which is why the share prices agreed in the transactions were to be used without adjustment for the measurement as of December 31, 2020. In the case of investments with a carrying amount of EUR 6 million, an analysis of operational indicators (especially revenue, EBIT, and liquidity) revealed that the carrying amounts were equivalent to current fair values. Due to better comparability, previous arm’s length transactions involving shares in these companies are preferable to more recent transactions involving shares in similar companies. In the case of investments with a carrying amount of EUR 95 million, for which the last arm’s length transactions relating to shares in these companies took place some time ago, a measurement performed more recently relating to shares in similar companies provides the most reliable representation of the fair values. Here, multiples to the reference variable of expected revenue (ranging between 3.0 and 12.7) were taken. The 25 % quantile, the median, or the 75 % quantile was used for the multiples depending on the specific circumstances. If other values had been used for the multiples and for the expected revenue amounts, the fair values calculated would have been different. These hypothetical deviations (sensitivities) are shown in the table “Sensitivities of the carrying amounts of the financial assets and financial liabilities assigned to Level 3 depending on unobservable inputs.” In addition, non-material individual items with a carrying amount of EUR 26 million (when translated into euros) are included with differences in value of minor relevance.

For the development of the carrying amounts in the reporting year, please refer to the table above.

The derivatives without a hedging relationship assigned to Level 3 and carried under derivative financial assets relate to options embedded in bonds issued by T‑Mobile US with a carrying amount of EUR 889 million when translated into euros. The options, which can be exercised by T‑Mobile US at any time, allow early redemption of the bonds at fixed exercise prices. Observable market prices are available regularly and also at the reporting date for the bonds as entire instruments, but not for the options embedded therein. The termination rights are measured using an option pricing model. Historical interest rate volatilities of bonds issued by T‑Mobile US and comparable issuers are used for the measurement because these provide a more reliable estimate at the reporting date than current market interest rate volatilities. The spread curve, which is also unobservable, was derived on the basis of current market prices of bonds issued by T‑Mobile US and debt instruments of comparable issuers. Because of the substantial increase in the volumes and liquidity of bonds issued and the ongoing phase of negative interest rates, the measurement model was recalibrated in the reporting period. Unlike previously, risk-free interest rates and spread are now simulated separately from each other. For the mean reversion unobservable input, 3 % is now used instead of 10 %. At the current reporting date, the following interest rate volatility and spreads were used for the various rating levels of the bonds:

For the development of the carrying amounts in the reporting year, please refer to the table above.

In our opinion, the values used constitute the best estimate in each case. If other values had been used for interest rate volatility, spread curve or mean reversion, the fair values calculated would have been different. These hypothetical deviations (sensitivities) are shown in the table below. If the risk-free interest rate had been 50 basis points higher (lower) at the reporting date, the fair value of the options would have been EUR 181 million lower (EUR 198 million higher). In the reporting period, net income of EUR 321 million when translated into euros was recognized under Level 3 in other financial income/expense for unrealized gains for the options in the portfolio at the reporting date. In the reporting period, three options were exercised and the relevant bonds canceled prematurely. At the time of termination, the options and their total carrying amount of EUR 358 million when translated into euros were expensed and derecognized. Please refer to the table above for the development of the carrying amounts in the reporting period. The changes in value recognized in profit or loss in the reporting period were mainly attributable to fluctuations in the interest rates and historical interest rate volatilities in absolute terms that are relevant for measurement. Due to their distinctiveness, these instruments constitute a separate class of financial instruments.

With a carrying amount of EUR -109 million when translated into euros, the derivatives without a hedging relationship assigned to Level 3 and carried under derivative financial liabilities relate to energy forward agreements embedded in contracts entered into by T‑Mobile US. The same applies to derivative financial assets with a carrying amount of EUR 77 million when translated into euros. These agreements consist of two components: the energy forward agreement and the acquisition of renewable energy credits by T‑Mobile US. The contracts have been entered into with energy producers since 2017 and run for terms of between 12 and 15 years from the commencement of commercial operation. In the case of five energy forward agreements, commercial operations have already begun; with the others, commercial operations are set to begin between 2021 and 2022. The respective settlement period of the energy forward agreements, which are accounted for separately as derivatives, also starts when the facility begins commercial operation. Under the energy forward agreements, T‑Mobile US receives variable amounts based on the facility’s actual energy output and the then current energy prices, and pays fixed amounts per unit of energy generated throughout the term of the contract. The energy forward agreements are measured using valuation models because no observable market prices are available. The value of the derivatives is materially influenced by the facility’s future energy output, for which T‑Mobile US estimated a value of 4,057 gigawatt hours per year at the reporting date. The value of the derivatives is also significantly influenced by future energy prices. Only transactions with terms of up to approximately five years are routinely traded on the energy markets and, consequently, energy prices for years that lie further in the future constitute unobservable inputs. Further, the value of the derivatives is materially influenced by the future prices for renewable energy credits, which are also not observable. For the unobservable portion of the term, T‑Mobile US used on-peak energy prices of between EUR 13.53/MWh and EUR 49.58/MWh when translated into euros and off-peak prices of between EUR 6.94/MWh and EUR 37.78/MWh when translated into euros. An average on-peak/off-peak ratio of 51 % was used. In our opinion, the values used constitute the best estimate in each case. At the reporting date, the calculated fair value for the assets amounted to EUR 123 million when translated into euros and EUR ‑30 million for the liabilities. If other values had been used for future energy prices, future energy output, or future prices of renewable energy credits, the fair values calculated would have been different. These hypothetical deviations (sensitivities) are shown in the table above. In the reporting period, net income of EUR 50 million (when translated into euros) was recognized under the Level 3 measurement in other operating income/expense for unrealized gains for the derivatives. Please refer to the corresponding table for the development of the carrying amounts in the reporting period. The market-price changes in the reporting period were largely attributable to changes in observable and unobservable energy prices and to interest rate effects. As part of the business combination with Sprint two agreements concluded by Sprint in 2019 with a carrying amount of EUR 43 million when translated into euros were recognized as financial assets, increasing the carrying amount. One agreement was terminated prematurely in the current reporting period. Due to their distinctiveness, these instruments constitute a separate class of financial instruments. In the view of T‑Mobile US, the contracts were entered into at current market conditions, and the most appropriate parameters for the unobservable inputs were used for measurement purposes. The transaction price at inception was zero in each case. Since the unobservable inputs have a material influence on the measurement of the derivatives, the respective amount resulting from initial measurement – with the exception of the agreements concluded by Sprint that are explained below – was not carried on initial recognition. Instead, these amounts are amortized in profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the period of commercial energy generation (for a total amount of EUR 11 million per year when translated into euros). This amortization adjusts the effects from measuring the derivatives in each accounting period using the respective valuation models and updated parameters. All amounts from the measurement of the derivatives are presented in net terms per contract in the statement of financial position (derivative financial assets/liabilities) and in the income statement (other operating income/expenses). The development of the amount yet to be amortized in the income statement in the reporting period is shown in the following table. Unobservable inputs also have a material influence on the measurement of the derivatives for the agreements concluded by Sprint. However, under the requirements for business combinations, the respective amounts resulting from the measurement were recognized as derivative financial assets as of April 1, 2020, as a result of which there are no amounts yet to be amortized for these agreements. On the following reporting dates, the effects from the periodic measurement of the derivatives will be recorded in full in the income statement (other operating expenses or other operating income).

The financial assets assigned to Level 3 include derivative financial assets with a carrying amount of EUR 805 million when translated into euros, resulting from the stock options to buy shares in T‑Mobile US received from SoftBank in June 2020. The stock options, which can be exercised at any time, mature in 2024, can be exercised partially at fixed and partially at variable purchase prices, and are measured using an option pricing model. In addition to the share price observable on the market and the risk-free interest rates, average share price volatilities of T‑Mobile US and comparable companies are calculated based on historic and current figures, since these provide a more reliable estimate for these inputs at the reporting date than exclusively using the current market volatilities. The absolute figure used for the share price volatility at the current reporting date was 27.5 % which, in our opinion, constitutes the best estimate. At the reporting date, the calculated fair value for the stock option amounted to EUR 1,600 million. If another value had been used for the share price volatility, the fair value calculated would have been different. These hypothetical deviations (sensitivities) are shown in the table above. Due to their distinctiveness, these instruments constitute a separate class of financial instruments. The transaction price at inception was zero. Since the unobservable inputs have a material influence on the measurement of the options, the fair value resulting from initial measurement of EUR 1,005 million when translated into euros (before deduction of transaction costs) was not immediately recognized. Instead, this amount will be amortized in profit or loss over the lifetime of the options. This amortization adjusts the effects from measuring the options on an ongoing basis using the valuation model and updated parameters. All amounts from the measurement of the options are presented in net terms in the statement of financial position (other derivative financial assets) and in the income statement (other financial income/expense). The market-price changes in the reporting period are largely attributable to fluctuations in the share price and the risk-free interest rate. The development of the amount yet to be amortized in the income statement in the reporting period is shown in the following table.

For the trade receivables, loans issued, and other receivables assigned to Level 3, which are measured either at fair value through other comprehensive income or at fair value through profit or loss, the main factor in determining fair value is the credit risk of the relevant counterparties. If the default rates applied as of the reporting date had been 1 % higher (lower) with no change in the reference variables, the fair values of the instruments would have been 1 % lower (higher).

The financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss and assigned to Level 3 include derivative financial assets with a carrying amount of EUR 14 million when translated into euros and derivative financial liabilities with a carrying amount of EUR -8 million, resulting from options purchased from or granted to third parties for the purchase of company shares. No notable fluctuations in value are expected from these individual items. Due to their distinctiveness, these instruments each constitute a separate class of financial instruments.

Interest from financial instruments is recognized in finance costs, dividends in other financial income/expense (income from investments).

For further information, please refer to Note 28 “Finance costs” and Note 30 “Other financial income/expense.”

The other components of the net gain/loss are recognized in other financial income/expense, except for allowances on trade receivables that are classified as debt instruments measured at amortized cost and debt instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income, which are reported under other operating expenses.

For further information, please refer to Note 2 “Trade receivables.”

The net gain from the subsequent measurement for financial instruments allocated to the measurement category at fair value through profit or loss (EUR 297 million) also includes interest and currency translation effects. The net currency translation losses on financial assets classified as debt instruments measured at amortized cost (EUR 1,207 million) are primarily attributable to the Group-internal transfer of foreign-currency loans taken out by Deutsche Telekom’s financing company, Deutsche Telekom International Finance B.V., on the capital market. These were offset by corresponding currency translation gains on capital market liabilities of EUR 1,462 million. These include currency translation losses from derivatives that Deutsche Telekom used as hedging instruments for hedge accounting in foreign currency (EUR 452 million; 2019: gains of EUR 179 million). Finance costs from financial liabilities measured at amortized cost (expense of EUR 3,510 million) primarily consist of interest expense on bonds and other (securitized) financial liabilities. The item also includes interest expenses from the addition of accrued interest and interest income from interest discounted from trade payables. However, it does not include the interest expense and interest income from interest rate derivatives Deutsche Telekom used in the reporting year to hedge the fair value risk of financial liabilities.

For further information, please refer to Note 28 “Finance costs.”

Principles of risk management. Deutsche Telekom is exposed in particular to risks from changes in exchange rates, interest rates, and market prices that affect its assets, liabilities, and forecast transactions. Financial risk management aims to limit these market risks through ongoing operational and finance activities. Selected derivative and non-derivative hedging instruments are used for this purpose, depending on the risk assessment. However, Deutsche Telekom only hedges the risks that affect the Group’s cash flow. Derivatives are exclusively used as hedging instruments, i.e., not for trading or other speculative purposes. To reduce the credit risk, hedging instruments are generally only concluded with leading financial institutions whose credit rating is at least BBB+/Baa1. In addition, the credit risk for derivatives with a positive market value is generally minimized through collateral agreements with all core banks. Furthermore, the limits for deposits are also set and monitored on a daily basis depending on the rating, share price performance, and credit default swap level of the respective counterparty.

The fundamentals of Deutsche Telekom’s financial policy are established by the Board of Management and overseen by the Supervisory Board. Group Treasury is responsible for implementing the financial policy and for ongoing risk management. Certain transactions require the prior approval of the Board of Management, which is also regularly briefed on the severity and amount of the current risk exposure.

Group Treasury regards effective management of the market risk as one of its main tasks. The main risks relate to foreign currencies and interest rates.

Currency risks. Deutsche Telekom is exposed to currency risks from its investing, financing, and operating activities. Risks from foreign currencies are hedged to the extent that they influence the Group’s cash flows. Foreign-currency risks that do not influence the Group’s cash flows (i.e., the risks resulting from the translation of assets and liabilities of foreign operations into the Group’s reporting currency) are generally not hedged, however. Deutsche Telekom may nevertheless also hedge this foreign-currency risk under certain circumstances.

Foreign-currency risks in the area of investment result, for example, from the acquisition and disposal of investments in foreign companies. Deutsche Telekom hedges these risks. If the risk position exceeds EUR 100 million, the Board of Management must make a special decision on how the risk shall be hedged. If the risk position is below EUR 100 million, Group Treasury performs the currency hedging itself. At the reporting date, Deutsche Telekom was not exposed to any significant risks from foreign-currency transactions in the field of investments.

Foreign-currency risks in the financing area are caused by financial liabilities in foreign currency and loans in foreign currency that are issued to Group entities for financing purposes. Group Treasury hedges these risks in full. Cross-currency swaps and currency derivatives are used to convert financial obligations and intragroup loans denominated in foreign currencies into the Group entities’ functional currencies.

At the reporting date, the foreign-currency liabilities for which currency risks were hedged mainly consisted of bonds in U.S. dollars and pounds sterling. On account of these hedging activities, Deutsche Telekom was not exposed to any significant currency risks in the area of financing at the reporting date.

The Group entities predominantly execute their operating activities in their respective functional currencies. Payments made in a currency other than the respective functional currency result in foreign-currency risks in the Group. These mainly relate to payments for telecommunications services (procurement of network technology and mobile communications equipment as well as payments to international telecommunications companies and for the provision of connection services) and IT services (procurement of IT hardware, software, and services). Deutsche Telekom generally uses currency derivatives for hedging purposes. On account of these hedging activities, Deutsche Telekom was not exposed to any significant exchange rate risks from its operating activities at the reporting date.

For the presentation of market risks, IFRS 7 requires sensitivity analyses that show the effects of hypothetical changes of relevant risk variables on profit or loss and shareholders’ equity. In addition to currency risks, Deutsche Telekom is exposed to interest rate risks and price risks in its investments. The periodic effects are determined by relating the hypothetical changes in the risk variables to the balance of financial instruments at the reporting date. It is assumed that the balance at the reporting date is representative for the year as a whole.

Currency risks as defined by IFRS 7 arise on account of financial instruments being denominated in a currency that is not the functional currency and being of a monetary nature; differences resulting from the translation of financial statements into the Group’s presentation currency are not taken into consideration. Relevant risk variables are generally all non-functional currencies in which Deutsche Telekom has contracted financial instruments.

The currency sensitivity analyses are based on the following assumptions: Major non-derivative monetary financial instruments (liquid assets, receivables, interest-bearing securities and/or debt instruments held, interest-bearing liabilities, lease liabilities, non-interest-bearing liabilities) are either directly denominated in the functional currency or are transferred to the functional currency through the use of derivatives. Exchange rate fluctuations therefore have no effects on profit or loss, or shareholders’ equity.

Equity instruments held are of a non-monetary nature and therefore are not exposed to a currency risk as defined by IFRS 7.

Interest income and interest expense from financial instruments are also either recorded directly in the functional currency or transferred to the functional currency using derivatives. For this reason, there can be no effects on the variables considered in this connection.

In the case of fair value hedges designated to hedge currency risks, the changes in the fair values of the hedged item and the hedging instrument attributable to changes in exchange rates balance out almost completely in the income statement in the same period. As a consequence, these financial instruments are not exposed to currency risks with an effect on profit or loss, or shareholders’ equity, either.

Cross-currency swaps are always assigned to non-derivative hedged items, so these instruments do not have any currency effects, either.

Deutsche Telekom is therefore only exposed to currency risks from specific currency derivatives. Some of these are currency derivatives that are part of an effective cash flow hedge for hedging payment variability resulting from changes in exchange rates in accordance with IFRS 9. Volatility of exchange rates of the currencies on which these transactions are based affects the hedging reserves in shareholders’ equity and the fair value of these hedging instruments. Others are currency derivatives that are neither part of one of the hedges defined in IFRS 9 nor part of a natural hedge. These derivatives are used to hedge planned transactions. Changes in exchange rates of the currencies on which such financial instruments are based affect other financial income or expense (net gain/loss from remeasurement of financial assets and liabilities to fair value).

If the euro had gained (lost) 10 % against all currencies at December 31, 2020, the hedging reserves in shareholders’ equity and the fair values of the hedging instruments before taxes would have been EUR 23 million higher (lower) (December 31, 2019: EUR 4 million higher (lower)). The hypothetical effect of EUR 23 million on profit or loss primarily results from the currency sensitivities EUR/USD: EUR 26 million, EUR/GBP: EUR -7 million, and EUR/CHF: EUR 4 million. If the euro had gained (lost) 10 % against all currencies at December 31, 2020, other financial income and the fair value of the hedging instruments before taxes would have been EUR 137 million higher (lower) (December 31, 2019: EUR 52 million higher (lower)). The hypothetical effect of EUR 137 million on profit or loss primarily results from the currency sensitivities EUR/USD: EUR 107 million and EUR/GBP: EUR 33 million.

Interest rate risks. Deutsche Telekom is exposed to interest rate risks, mainly in the euro zone and in the United States. The interest rate risks are managed as part of the interest rate management activities. For the debt position in euros a maximum variable percentage is set on an annual basis. The debt position of T‑Mobile US in U.S. dollars is primarily determined through fixed-income securities, largely with issuer cancellation rights. The composition of the liabilities portfolio (ratio of fixed to variable) is managed by issuing non-derivative financial instruments and, where necessary, also deploying derivative financial instruments. Regular reports are submitted to the Board of Management and Supervisory Board.

Including derivative hedging instruments, an average of 44 % (2019: 57 %) of the debt position denominated in euros had a variable rate of interest in 2020. There were no significant fluctuations in the course of the reporting year. In U.S. dollars, – compared to 2019 – the average variable share decreased from 16 % to 8 %, mainly due to the business combination of T‑Mobile US and Sprint and the issuing of new fixed-interest bonds.

Interest rate risks are presented by way of sensitivity analyses in accordance with IFRS 7. These show the effects of changes in market interest rates on interest payments, interest income and expense, other income components, and, if appropriate, shareholders’ equity. The interest rate sensitivity analyses are based on the following assumptions: Changes in the market interest rates of non-derivative financial instruments with fixed interest rates only affect income if these are measured at their fair value. As such, all financial instruments with fixed interest rates that are carried at amortized cost are not subject to interest rate risk as defined in IFRS 7.

In the case of fair value hedges designated for hedging interest rate risks, the changes in the fair values of the hedged item and the hedging instrument attributable to changes in interest rates balance out almost completely in the income statement in the same period. This means that interest-rate-based changes in the measurement of the hedged item and the hedging instrument largely do not affect income and are therefore not subject to interest rate risk.

In the case of interest rate derivatives in fair value hedges, however, changes in market interest rates affect the amount of interest payments. As a consequence, they have an effect on interest income and are therefore included in the calculation of income-related sensitivities.

Changes in the market interest rate regarding financial instruments that were designated as hedging instruments in a cash flow hedge to hedge payment variability resulting from changes in interest rates affect the hedging reserve in shareholders’ equity and are therefore taken into consideration in the equity-related sensitivity calculations.

Changes in market interest rates affect the interest income or expense of non-derivative variable-interest financial instruments, the interest payments of which are not designated as hedged items of cash flow hedges against interest rate risks. As a consequence, they are included in the calculation of income-related sensitivities.

In addition, changes in the market interest rate had an impact on the carrying amount of trade receivables recognized at fair value and originated loans and other receivables. However, this variability is not managed.

Changes in the market interest rate regarding interest rate derivatives (interest rate swaps, cross-currency swaps) that are not part of a hedging relationship as set out in IFRS 9 affect other financial income or expense and are therefore taken into consideration in the income-related sensitivity calculations. Currency derivatives are not exposed to interest rate risks and therefore do not affect the interest rate sensitivities.

If the market interest rates had been 100 basis points higher at December 31, 2020, profit or loss before taxes would have been EUR 199 million lower (December 31, 2019: EUR 553 million). If the market interest rates had been 100 basis points lower at December 31, 2020, profit or loss before taxes would have been EUR 198 million higher (December 31, 2019: EUR 617 million). The hypothetical effect of EUR 198 million/EUR -199 million on income primarily results from potential effects of EUR 259 million/EUR -259 million from interest rate derivatives, and EUR 11 million/EUR -11 million from non-derivative financial liabilities. In addition, potential effects of EUR -75 million/EUR 75 million result from the stock options received from SoftBank and of EUR -4 million/EUR -5 million from the energy forward agreements entered into by T‑Mobile US. Potential effects from interest rate derivatives are partially balanced out by the contrasting performance of non-derivative financial instruments, which cannot, however, be shown as a result of applicable accounting standards. The effects from the options embedded in the bonds issued by T‑Mobile US are not included in this simulation. The resulting sensitivities are set out in the above table “Sensitivities of the carrying amounts of the financial assets and financial liabilities assigned to Level 3 depending on unobservable inputs.” However, the effects from the other financial instruments assigned to Level 3 described above are included. If the market interest rates had been 100 basis points higher (lower) at December 31, 2020, the hedging and revaluation reserves in equity before taxes would have been EUR 271 million higher (EUR 271 million lower) (December 31, 2019: EUR 1,201 million higher (EUR 1,272 million lower)).

Other price risks. As part of the presentation of market risks, IFRS 7 also requires disclosures on how hypothetical changes in risk variables affect the price of financial instruments. Important risk variables are stock exchange prices or indexes.

Aside from the value-creating factors in the financial instruments assigned to Level 3 described above, there were no other price risks at the reporting date. If the share price of T‑Mobile US had been 10 % higher (lower) at December 31, 2020, the fair value of the stock options to buy shares in T‑Mobile US received from SoftBank would have been EUR 384 million higher (EUR 359 million lower).

Deutsche Telekom is exposed to a credit risk from its operating activities and certain financing activities. As a rule, transactions with regard to financing activities are only concluded with counterparties that have at least a credit rating of BBB+/Baa1, in connection with an operational credit management system. At the level of operations, the outstanding debts are continuously monitored in each area, i.e., locally. Credit risks are taken into account through individual allowances and allowances calculated at portfolio level. The solvency of the business with corporate customers, especially international carriers, is monitored separately. In terms of the overall risk exposure from the credit risk, however, the receivables from these counterparties are not so extensive as to justify extraordinary concentrations of risk.

There were no material transfers in the general approach.

Offsetting is applied in particular to receivables and liabilities at Deutsche Telekom AG and Telekom Deutschland GmbH for the routing of international calls via the fixed network and for roaming fees in the mobile network.

In line with the contractual provisions, in the event of insolvency all derivatives with a positive or negative fair value that exist with the respective counterparty are offset against each other, leaving a net receivable or liability. The net amounts are normally recalculated every bank working day and offset against each other. When the netting of the positive and negative fair values of all derivatives was positive from Deutsche Telekom’s perspective, the counterparty provided Deutsche Telekom with cash pursuant to the collateral contracts mentioned in Note 1 “Cash and cash equivalents.” The credit risk was thus further reduced.

When the netting of the positive and negative fair values of all derivatives was negative from Deutsche Telekom’s perspective, Deutsche Telekom provided cash collateral to counterparties pursuant to collateral agreements. The net amounts are normally recalculated every bank working day and offset against each other. The cash collateral paid is offset by corresponding negative net derivative positions of EUR 34 million at the reporting date, which is why it was not exposed to any credit risks in this amount at the reporting date.

For further information, please refer to Note 11 “Other financial assets.”

The collateral paid is reported under originated loans and other receivables within other financial assets. On account of its close connection to the corresponding derivatives, the collateral paid constitutes a separate class of financial assets. Likewise, the collateral received, which is reported as other interest-bearing liabilities under financial liabilities, constitutes a separate class of financial liabilities on account of its close connection to the corresponding derivatives. There were no other significant agreements reducing the maximum exposure to the credit risk of financial assets. The maximum exposure to the credit risk of the other financial assets thus corresponds to their carrying amounts.

In accordance with the terms of the bonds issued by T‑Mobile US, T‑Mobile US has the right to terminate the majority of bonds prematurely under specific conditions. The rights of early termination constitute embedded derivatives and are presented separately as derivative financial assets in the consolidated statement of financial position. Since they are not exposed to any credit risk, they constitute a separate class of financial instruments. Please refer to the explanations above for more information on the energy forward agreements for which no collateral is provided. There is also no credit risk on embedded derivatives held.

No collateral is provided for the options acquired from third parties for shares in a subsidiary of Deutsche Telekom or shares in other companies (see above).

In connection with auctions for the planned acquisition of spectrum licenses, subsidiaries of Deutsche Telekom have deposited additional cash collateral of EUR 446 million when translated into euros. At the reporting date, cash and cash equivalents of EUR 63 million when translated into euros were pledged as collateral for liabilities issued by Sprint with right of creditors to priority repayment in the event of default. For further information, please refer to Note 13 “Financial liabilities and lease liabilities.” This cash collateral is not exposed to any significant credit risk.

Liquidity risk. For further information, please refer to Note 13 “Financial liabilities and lease liabilities.”

Hedge accounting

Fair value hedges. To hedge the fair value risk of fixed-interest liabilities, Deutsche Telekom primarily uses interest rate swaps and forward interest rate swaps (pay variable, receive fixed) denominated in EUR, GBP, and USD. Fixed-income bonds denominated in EUR, GBP, and USD were designated as hedged items. The changes in the fair values of the hedged items resulting from changes in the EURIBOR, GBP LIBOR, or USD LIBOR swap rate are offset against the changes in the value of these interest rate swaps. In addition, cross-currency swaps mainly in the EUR/USD and EUR/GBP currency pairs, are designated as fair value hedges, which convert fixed-income foreign currency bonds into variable-interest EUR bonds to hedge the interest rate and currency risk. The changes in the fair value of the hedged items resulting from changes in the USD LIBOR and the GBP LIBOR swap rate as well as the USD and GBP exchange rate are offset against the changes in the fair value of these cross-currency swaps. The aim of the fair value hedges is thus to transform the fixed-income bonds into variable-interest debt, thus hedging the fair value (interest rate risk and currency risk) of these financial liabilities. Credit risks are not part of the hedging.

Cash flow hedges – interest rate risks. Deutsche Telekom mainly uses payer interest rate swaps and forward-payer interest rate swaps (pay fixed, receive variable) to hedge the cash flow risk of existing and future debt. The interest payments to be made in the hedging period are the hedged items and are recognized in profit or loss in the same period. Hedged items may be individual liabilities, portfolios of liabilities, or combinations of liabilities and derivatives (aggregate risk exposure). The changes in the cash flows of the hedged items resulting from changes in the USD LIBOR rate and the EURIBOR rate are offset against the changes in the cash flows of the interest rate swaps. The aim of this hedging is to transform the variable-interest bonds into fixed-income debt, thus hedging the cash flows of the financial liabilities. Credit risks are not part of the hedging.

Cash flow hedges – currency risks. Deutsche Telekom entered into currency derivative and cross-currency swaps (pay fixed, receive variable) to hedge cash flows not denominated in a functional currency. The payments in foreign currency to be made in the hedging period are the hedged items and are recognized in profit or loss in the same period. The terms of the hedging relationships will end in the years 2021 through 2033. In the case of rolling cash flow hedges for hedging currency risks, short-term currency forwards are entered into, which are then extended by means of follow-up transactions.

At each reporting date, the effectiveness of the fair value and cash flow hedges is reviewed prospectively based on the main contractual features and determined retrospectively in the form of a statistical regression analysis; for rolling foreign currency hedges the effectiveness is reviewed using the dollar offset test. All hedging relationships were sufficiently effective as of the reporting date.

Hedging of a net investment. The hedges of the net investment in T‑Mobile US against fluctuations in the U.S. dollar spot rate de-designated in prior periods did not generate any effects in 2020. The amounts recognized in total other comprehensive income would be reclassified in the event of the disposal of T‑Mobile US.