Headcount development The Group’s headcount fell by 0.8 percent compared with the end of the prior year. Development across the segments was varied. The number of employees in our Germany operating segment declined by 3.4 percent as a result of efficiency enhancement measures, fewer new hires in the operational units, and the take-up of socially responsible instruments in connection with the staff restructuring. The total number of employees in our United States operating segment increased by 2.1 percent year-on-year at December 31, 2018, compared to December 31, 2017, due primarily to increases in customer support, back office, and network employees, partially offset by a decrease in customer acquisition employees. In our Europe operating segment, staff levels grew by 1.5 percent compared with the end of the prior year. This growth was mainly attributable to our national companies in Austria, where we took over employees of UPC Austria, and in Croatia, due in part to the expansion of our service activities there. The number of employees in our Systems Solutions operating segment decreased by 1.2 percent compared with the end of 2017, due mainly to restructuring measures. In our Group Development operating segment, the number of employees grew slightly compared with the end of 2017. The headcount in the Group Headquarters & Group Services segment was down 3.9 percent compared with the end of 2017. The decline in staff levels caused by ongoing restructuring measures at Vivento was partially offset by the addition of employees at the Technology and Innovation unit. Workforce statistics (XLS:) Download Headcount development Dec. 31, 2018 Dec. 31, 2017 Change % Dec. 31, 2016 Dec. 31, 2015 Dec. 31, 2014 a Since January 1, 2017, we have reported on the Group Development operating segment and within the Group Headquarters & Group Services segment on the Board of Management department Technology and Innovation. Comparative figures have been adjusted retrospectively. For further information, please refer to the section “Group organization,”. and the disclosures in Note 35 “Segment reporting” in the notes to consolidated financial statements. b Based on the average number of employees. FTEs IN THE GROUP 215,675 217,349 (0.8) 218,341 225,243 227,811 Of which: Deutsche Telekom AG 19,259 21,428 (10.1) 22,571 26,205 28,569 Of which: civil servants (in Germany, with an active service relationship) 13,507 15,482 (12.8) 15,999 18,483 19,881 Germany operating segmenta 62,621 64,798 (3.4) 66,410 67,927 68,754 United States operating segment 46,871 45,888 2.1 44,820 44,229 39,683 Europe operating segmenta 48,133 47,421 1.5 46,808 48,920 53,499 Systems Solutions operating segmenta 37,467 37,924 (1.2) 37,472 37,850 46,244 Group Development operating segmenta 1,976 1,967 0.5 2,572 2,768 0 Group Headquarters & Group Servicesa 18,606 19,351 (3.9) 20,258 23,548 19,631 BREAKDOWN BY GEOGRAPHIC AREA Germany 98,092 101,901 (3.7) 104,662 110,354 114,749 International 117,582 115,448 1.8 113,679 114,888 113,061 Of which: other EU member states 61,249 59,952 2.2 59,456 60,710 63,032 Of which: rest of Europe 2,471 2,620 (5.7) 2,581 2,945 3,127 Of which: North America 47,245 46,332 2.0 45,364 44,803 40,346 Of which: rest of world 6,618 6,543 1.1 6,278 6,431 6,556 NATURAL ATTRITION % 5.1 4.7 4.0 4.4 4.2 Of which: Germany % 1.9 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.4 Of which: international % 9.8 9.2 8.1 9.3 8.6 PRODUCTIVITY TRENDb Net revenue per employee thousands of € 350 346 1.0 331 306 275 (XLS:) Download Personnel costsbillions of € 2018 2017 Change % 2016 2015 2014 a Expenses for staff-related measures. Personnel costs in the Group 16.4 15.5 6.0 16.4 15.8 14.7 Of which: Germany 9.2 8.5 8.2 9.8 9.4 9.1 Of which: international 7.3 7.0 4.3 6.6 6.4 5.6 Special factorsa 1.2 0.6 n. a. 1.6 1.2 0.9 Personnel costs in the Group (adjusted for special factors) 15.2 14.9 2.0 14.8 14.6 13.8 Net revenue 75.7 74.9 0.9 73.1 69.2 62.7 ADJUSTED PERSONNEL COST RATIO % 20.1 19.9 20.3 21.2 22.0 PERSONNEL COSTS AT DEUTSCHE TELEKOM AG UNDER GERMAN GAAP 2.5 2.7 (7.1) 3.5 2.9 2.8